A Brief History of Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is among the 15 largest urban areas in the world. It is located on the Bosporus Strait and covers the entire area of the Golden Horn, a natural harbor. Because of its size, Istanbul extends into both Europe and Asia. The city is the world’s only metropolis to be on more than one continent. The city of Istanbul is important to geography because it has a long history that spans the rise and fall of the worlds most famous empires. Due to its participation in these empires, Istanbul has also undergone various name changes. Byzantium Though Istanbul may have been inhabited as early as 3000 BCE, it was not a city until Greek colonists arrived in the area in the seventh century BCE. These colonists were led by King Byzas and settled there because of the strategic location along the Bosporus Strait. King Byzas named the city Byzantium after himself. The Roman Empire (330–395) Byzantium became a part of the Roman Empire in the 300s. During this time, the Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, undertook the rebuilding of the entire city. His goal was to make it stand out and give the city monuments similar to those found in Rome. In 330, Constantine declared the city as the capital of the entire Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople. It grew and prospered as a result. The Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453) After the death of the emperor Theodosius I in 395, however, enormous upheaval took place in the empire as his sons permanently divided it. Following the division, Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the 400s. As part of the Byzantine Empire, the city became distinctly Greek, as opposed to its former identity in the Roman Empire. Because Constantinople was at the center of two continents, it became a center of commerce, culture, and diplomacy and grew considerably. In 532, though, the antigovernment Nika Revolt broke out among the city’s population and destroyed it. Afterward, many of its most outstanding monuments, one of which was the Hagia Sophia, were constructed during the citys rebuilding, and Constantinople became the center of the Greek Orthodox Church. The Latin Empire (1204–1261) Although Constantinople significantly prospered during decades following its becoming a part of the Byzantine Empire, the factors leading to its success also made it a target for conquering. For hundreds of years, troops from all over the Middle East attacked the city. For a time it was even controlled by members of the Fourth Crusade after the city was desecrated in 1204. Subsequently, Constantinople became the center of the Catholic Latin Empire. As competition persisted between the Catholic Latin Empire and the Greek Orthodox Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was caught in the middle and began to significantly decay. It went financially bankrupt, the population declined, and it became vulnerable to further attacks as defense posts around the city crumbled. In 1261, in the midst of this turmoil, the Empire of Nicaea recaptured Constantinople, and it was returned to the Byzantine Empire. Around the same time, the Ottoman Turks began conquering the cities surrounding Constantinople, effectively cutting it off from many of its neighboring cities. The Ottoman Empire (1453–1922) After being considerably weakened, Constantinople was officially conquered by the Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II on May 29, 1453, after a 53-day siege. During the siege, the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, died while defending his city. Almost immediately, Constantinople was declared to be the capital of the Ottoman Empire and its name was changed to Istanbul. Upon taking control of the city, Sultan Mehmed sought to rejuvenate Istanbul. He created the Grand Bazaar (one of the largest covered marketplaces in the world) and brought back fleeing Catholic and Greek Orthodox residents. In addition to these residents, he brought in Muslim, Christian, and Jewish families to establish a mixed populace. Sultan Mehmed also began the building of architectural monuments, schools, hospitals, public baths, and grand imperial mosques. From 1520 to 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent controlled the Ottoman Empire, and there were many artistic and architectural achievements that made the city a major cultural, political, and commercial center. By the mid-1500s, its population had grown to almost 1 million inhabitants. The Ottoman Empire ruled Istanbul until it was defeated and occupied by the Allies in World War I. The Republic of Turkey (1923–Present) Following World War I, the Turkish War of Independence took place, and Istanbul became a part of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Istanbul was not the capital city of the new republic, and during the early years of its formation, Istanbul was overlooked; investment went into the new, centrally located capital, Ankara. In the 1940s and 1950s, though, Istanbul reemerged. New public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed—and many of the city’s historic buildings were demolished. In the 1970s, Istanbul’s population rapidly increased, causing the city to expand into the nearby villages and forests, eventually creating a major world metropolis. Istanbul Today Istanbuls many historical areas were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1985. In addition, because of its status as a world rising power, its history, and its importance to culture in both Europe and the world, Istanbul was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the European Union.

The Cognitive Capabilities Between Males And Females Essay

Comparing the cognitive capability between males and females has proliferated in scientific research. Throughout the years, men and women have exhibited multiple differences in behavioral, hormonal, and cognitive development. For this reason, many have questioned, disputed, and compared the brain capacity and productivity of each gender such as memory performance. In particular, known studies on memory performance have demonstrated the distinct cognitive capabilities between both sexes. Scientific studies conducted in this topic revealed stimulating results, which is that there is a significant difference on memory performances between genders. Studies showed that female subjects perform far superior in visual imagery tests than male subjects, thus, revealing that women are cognitively advantaged in pictorial memory (Doreen, 1992; Marks, 1973). In this lab, individuals who identified as male were compared against with individuals who identified as female through a brain memory test i n order to recognize the cognitive differences in memory performance. The hypothesis for this experiment is that female individuals will have a higher significant difference in recall record and average response time than male individuals. On the other hand, the null hypothesis for this case is that both the recall record and average response will be the same on both genders. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted using an online software program called The Memory InterferenceShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Hormones On Learning Performance1148 Words   |  5 Pagesgonadal hormone ups and downs, impact their learning capabilities and memory retrieval. Males with the predominance of testosterone learn in a unique way and exhibit certain advantages like spatial learning over females. Females on the other hand, with the predominance of estrogen exhibit their own unique learning capabilities and styles which is all dependent on their estrous cycles, pregnancy, and postpartum. These differences between males and females have the potential of greatly impacting curriculumRead MoreSex DIfferences - Halari et al replication Essay1532 Words   |  7 Pages This experiment performed by the males and females in the Tuesday 4pm psychology lab, was done as a replication of the Halari et al experiment in London in 2005. The hypothesis in the original experiment was that women will, on average, gain a higher verbal fluency score than men and men will, on average, perform more accurately than women on mental rotation. The results obtained from Halari et al’s (2005) clearly prove this hypothesis correct. The results also rejected the null hypothesis whichRead MoreFemale Students Pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, Or Mathematics Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe number of female students pursuing science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) majors in US colleges has been on the increase, even though male dominance persists, particularly in the upper levels of STEM careers. Male and female students at the elementary, middle, and high school levels leave school equally prepared to pursue STEM majors at the college and university levels. However, fewer females tend to pursue these majors. Female students are less likely to indicate intentionsRead MoreEvolution Of Gesture And Vocal Communication1538 Words   |  7 Pagesare the model organisms in the field of animal communication and neuro-scientific studies. Apes DNA is about 98.6% similar to humans possessing cognitive, emotional and psychological characteristic which closely resemble humans. Not long ago scientists started studying primates because of these characteristics and most of the work is in the field of cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Phylogenetically, primates and human fall under the same branch called Hominidae and non-human (primates) are human’sRead MoreThe Themes Listed Under Functional Age1294 Words   |  6 Pageselaborate on how biological, psychological and sociological factors contribute towards describing the definition of what it is to be old. As stated in my introduction, functional age has advantages over chronological age by better measuring the capabilities of an individual. Seniors are often stereotyped and underestimated that has led it to being generalized across the elder population. This report will use peer reviewed research articles and the lived experience of a senior to support the thesisRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia1563 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders that affects both male and females, respectively. This illness is characterized by gradual increase in changes of perception, thinking, social activities, speech, feelings, and motivations. Many studies have shown that there is a clear difference in outcome between genders including symptom severity, age-at-onset and functional outcome (as cited in Gogos, Kwek and van den Buuse, 2011, p. 213). For example, schizophrenia occurs on averageRead MoreChimpanzees and Tool Use1322 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in captivity makes a difference between studying wild chimps. These interesting creatures can be found naturally in the rainforests of Africa. Development of tool use: â€Å"Tool use is rare in animals, and the chimpanzees stand out as the most proficient tool users besides humans† (Boesh, Boesch-Achermann18). Some debate has taken place between researchers regarding how these chimpanzees learn to use these tools and whether or not there is a difference between wild chimps and captive chimp’s toolRead MoreSex And Disability : An Open Minded Perspective From Individuals1313 Words   |  6 Pagesin which these individuals can confide in. They are made to fear their own sexuality. When it comes to defining the term: gender, there is often an obscure and seemingly specific way the majority of our society conforms it to be. You are either female or male. Of course, when discussing the topic of gender, there is the attributed notions that are often attached to such terms. These characteristics are often stereotypical idealized images of gender roles such that women are passive and men are aggressiveRead MoreA Critical Textual Analysis : Feminine Identity And The Essentialistic Ideas Of The Late Nineteenth Century Between Men And1286 Words   |  6 PagesThis critical textual analysis will examine feminine identity and the essentialistic ideas of the late nineteenth century between men and women as elaborated by Kaplan and Rogers in â€Å"Essentialisms, Determinisms. It will include an analysis of theories regarding dichotomies of biological determinism and cranial classification. Essentialism argues that there are categories of objects and genres that have es sential characteristics, notwithstanding individual variation, and that these essential characteristicsRead MoreThe Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay880 Words   |  4 Pageschildren would perform more poorly on event based prospective tasks than adolescents, but that adolescents would perform at the same level as young adults.† (Ward, et al., 2005). It was also hypothesized that when cognitive demands on prefrontal capacity got higher, the differences between both groups (children with and without TBI, and adolescents with and without TBI) would widen. (Ward, et al., 2005) II. Methods Fourteen children and fourteen adolescents with TBI, and twenty-five children and adolescents

My Philosophy of Leadership Free Essays

MY PHILOSOPHY OF LEADERSHIP Christine Harris Byrd In my own definition, leadership is an attitude, not a position or routine, and not based on one certain formula or method. It is based on one’s experiences and personal values, and therefore no two leaders will never be the same. There are only a few characteristics that categorize them together. We will write a custom essay sample on My Philosophy of Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leaders are those whose actions reflect their heart. They inspire themselves and others in a way that creates a chain reaction of positive events, thoughts, changes, and of course, attitudes. Whether their attitude affects a whole society or one single person, they are a leader because they genuinely care for the well-being of others and live according to their own principles. Most importantly, a leader is one who does not settle. They are always striving to grow as an individual, learn more, accomplish more, and challenge the norm. Based on my personal experiences it is prevalent that I will become more of a transformational leader versus being a transactional leader. So much of my growth has been based on inner-challenges and the influence of other leaders. I agree with the concept that stresses the importance of â€Å"powerful personal characteristics† and using your talents and skills to help and influence others. I have a fiery personality, which means I become very passionate for what is important to me and let my emotions dictate how I think, feel, and act. Most distinctively I believe that the main purpose of our actions is to aspire for happiness. One cannot truthfully portray leadership if his actions do not make him happy. To put it simply, I believe that being a transformational leader is a lifestyle. Never does one reach an end point or master the skill. As they strive to transform others, they too continue to grow. There are five main components of my personal leadership philosophy. The first and foundational component on which it is built on is â€Å"hard work. † An important part of having a leadership attitude is by illustrating your words through tangible actions. Rolling up your sleeves and diving in or â€Å"going the extra mile† establish both credibility and respect. In my experience, hard work can also come in the form of a weakness. I am most content when I can just put my head down and work, but I have learned that when working together with others, I have to be conscious of other’s opinions and pace. I believe that it also means that one has to be resilient because the harder you work and the more times that you put yourself out there, the higher the chances are that you are going to fail. The difference between someone who succeeds and someone who does not is how one reacts to the situation. The second component is to be a â€Å"forever student. † John F. Kennedy defined this perfectly when he said, â€Å"Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other. † Whether we are working in our area of expertise, teaching someone else, or simply living there is always room for improvement. I believe that everyone has a story to tell and by listening we are exposed to a new perspective that changes the way we see things or strengthens our standing beliefs. This also ties in to the idea of not being an individual who settles. Being curious, asking questions, and purely just listening are some of the most essential habits a leader can have; they are the spark plug for creativity. Components three and four are closely connected. To â€Å"be happy† and â€Å"have passion,† as previously mentioned, are two characteristics that are naturally intertwined with our personalities and functional needs. Often time’s leaders struggle with their conscious over taking the path that they are expected to take and the one that makes them happy. In a society where â€Å"time is of the essence† we as leaders must prioritize. Happiness is the key to what makes each of us tick and passion is the special ingredient that creates determination, energy, focus, and a servant heart. I know that I am going to have more respect and admiration for an individual who is steadfast and passionate, regardless if their beliefs and priorities align with mine. The fifth and most personal component for me is to â€Å"take risks. † Every situation we approach in life involves some sort of risk. Every decision, experience, action, goal, and emotion has both a positive and negative outlook. The final lines of a quote that has become my personal motto can best define this component: Risks must be taken, because the greatest hazard in life is to risk nothing. The person, who risks nothing, does nothing, has nothing, and is nothing. He may avoid suffering and sorrow, but he simply cannot learn feel, change, grow, love, or live. Chained by his certitudes, he is a slave, he has forfeited freedom. Only a person who risks is free. As individuals who continue to strive for that leadership attitude, we have to be able to throw all cards down on the table, and continue to do it over and over if we ever expect any gain or satisfaction. Of course as the most challenging component, it is also the most important. Ultimately is all boils down to the question of â€Å"did I give everything; do everything that I possibly could to make the outcome positive? † If so, then regardless of the outcome, you have shown positive leadership. The leadership theories that best describe my personal philosophy are servant and authentic leadership. The life-changing experiences and memories that have had the most significant impact on my life are the ones that challenged me to become a better person and that came from the kindness of others. I have seen firsthand how hard work, learning, happiness, passion, and taking risks can change one’s purpose in life and have learned that when we surround ourselves with those components and others who share them, it creates a positive chain reaction. I value the opportunity to live based on my personal values and firmly believe in leadership that is modeled to serve and benefit from each other. I have always believed that effective leadership encourages everyone to participate in the decision making process. The effective leader is one who can clearly articulate the vision of the organization to all stakeholders in a meaningful and accessible way. The simplest way to describe my personal belief about effective leadership is that , â€Å"the (leader) needs to model what management researcher Robert Greenleaf called servant leadership- a philosophy that encourages collaboration, trust, foresight, listening, and ethical use of power and empowerment. † (Krajewski, 2004). My mission is, as a leader and a follower, to empower those around me to use their natural alents to assist the organization as well as themselves. I believe that the foundation of effective leadership is personal integrity. My actions will serve as an example for others and will be based upon honesty, respect and fairness. I will keep my word and will treat people fairly and with respect for diversity and the rights of each individual. I will trust the members of my team to make sound, ethical decisions and I will gu ide and support them. I also aim to develop, through example, a learning community among my co-workers. As a leader, my goal is to be a collaborator. Everyone has something unique to bring to the table. It is my hope that they environment that I co-create encourages awareness and cultivation of this authenticity. DePree (1989) defines leadership as follows: â€Å"The first responsibility of a leader is to define reality. The last is to say thank you. In between the two, the leader must become a servant and a debtor. † References: . De Pree, Max. The Art of Leadership. New York: Doubleday, 1987. Leadership . Krajewski, Bob. . In Their Own Words. Learning From Urban Schools Pages 14-18. March 2005 | Volume 62 | Number 6 How to cite My Philosophy of Leadership, Essay examples

My beloved world free essay sample

In Sonia Sotomayor’s book, My Beloved World, Sotomayor mentioned a memory in her childhood that I could definitely relate my past with. â€Å"If I needed to have these shots every day for the rest of my life, the only way I’d survive was to do it myself. † Those lines represent a time in Sotomayor’s life when a decision had to be made. She had to either learn how to prepare the syringe and inject the insulin or she could possibly risk being stabbed in the face by her panicking mother or father. This image reminds me of a time in my childhood when my grandmother grew too weak to manage herself around the house, and especially me. Being the youngest child of 7 at the time, someone had to take care of me while my siblings were at school and my parents were at work. We were a low income family who gradually lived off food stamps so we couldn’t really afford a babysitter. We will write a custom essay sample on My beloved world or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Grandma would usually be the one who took care of me but since her hip surgery, she became very immobile. I didn’t know much about taking care of myself but it had to be learned and it had to be fast. The most important skill I had to learn was to cook. I would also have to cook for grandma but my knowledge on cooking meat and vegetables were beyond my knowledge. Grandma guided me how to turn on the stove, apply the oil, marinate the meat, and then grilling the meat. I’ve applied those skills into my every life from the age of 5 until now, and still growing. Without learning those skills, either grandma or I would be the ones to suffer and that is why I feel like I can relate to Sotomayor’s decision to learn how to support her own life when her family couldn’t.